What is MAPKKK?
MAPKKK is responsible for various cell functions such as cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and apoptosis. The duration and intensity of signals determine which pathway ensues. Additionally, the use of protein scaffolds helps to place the MAPKKK in close proximity with its substrate to allow for a reaction.
How is MAPKKK activated?
The mammalian p38 MAPK families are activated by cellular stress including UV irradiation, heat shock, high osmotic stress, lipopolysaccharide, protein synthesis inhibitors, proinflammatory cytokines (such as IL-1 and TNF-α) and certain mitogens.
What does MAP3K do?
The TPL2 MAP3K activates the ERK pathway and plays an important role in the innate immune response. The MEKK and MLK families of MAP3Ks and the less well characterized TAO family are components of stress-activated MAPK pathways.
Is Raf a MAP3K?
The ERK group of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) is essential for cell proliferation stimulated by mitogens, oncogenic ras and raf (ref. 1). All MAPKs are activated by MAP3K/MEK/MAPK core pathways and the Raf proto-oncoproteins, especially B-Raf, are ERK-specific MAP3Ks (refs 1-3).
What two substrates does MAPKKK?
The activities of ERK1 and ERK2 had been routinely measured with two substrates, myelin basic protein (MBP) and microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP2); as a result, they had been called MBP and MAP2 kinases (9, 10).
What substrates does MAPKKK have?
Thus MAPKs can be potential substrates for all three major classes of protein phosphatases in cells, namely Ser/Thr phosphatases, tyrosine-specific phosphatases (PTPs), and dual-specificity Thr/Tyr phosphatases.
Is Ras a MAPKKK?
MAPKKK. Ras directly interacts with and activates Raf. Raf phosphorylates and activates MEK, which in turn phosphorylates and activates ERKs. This serine/threonine kinase was later found to function in the linear Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway with an intricate regulation.
What is Raf in biology?
RAF is an acronym for Rapidly Accelerated Fibrosarcoma. RAF kinases participate in the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signal transduction cascade, also referred to as the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade. Activation of RAF kinases requires interaction with RAS-GTPases.
What is the difference between mTOR and mTORC1?
mTOR forms two multiprotein complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2 which are composed of discrete protein binding partners to regulate cell growth, motility, and metabolism. These complexes are sensitive to distinct stimuli, as mTORC1 is sensitive to nutrients while mTORC2 is regulated via PI3K and growth factor signaling.